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- A NEW BEGINNING FOR THERMODYNAMICS
-
- The reactions and questions received on my articles "Vortex - The
- Natural Movement" and "Understanding Water Power" show that there
- is much interest in the subject of thermodynamics.
-
- In fact, the "laws of thermodynamics" have long been the subject
- of heated debate, especially between the promoters and the
- detractors of another field - that of "perpetual motion".
-
- Joachim Kirchhoff, who has done a thorough research on the
- development and the history of thermodynamics (1) has shown that
- these laws, and especially the basic assumption of conservation
- of energy, can be traced back to an authoritative pronunciation
- of the Royal Academy of Sciences in Paris, made in the year 1775,
- saying that henceforth, the Academy "will no longer accept or
- deal with proposals concerning perpetual motion". Their reasoning
- was, that perpetual motion is impossible to achieve and that the
- search for it is time consuming and very expensive. According to
- the members of the academy, those bright minds dedicating their
- time and resources to this search, could be utilized much better
- in other, more reasonable endeavors.
-
- So the fact that until that time, no one had succeeded in
- constructing a workable device of "perpetual motion", was used
- as the reason to forbid, de facto, any further research in that
- direction. The "laws" thus established and enshrined as the laws
- of thermodynamics, have entered the official screening process
- of all new inventions. Patent offices all over the world have
- more or less consistently refused since then to grant recognition
- to anything that was, in their opinion, infringing upon these
- laws.
-
- Herbrand writes (2) that prof. Pollermann of the Julich Atomic
- Research Institute in Germany, who is an "expert" preexaminer of
- patents in the energy sector, has given a negative opinion on 43%
- of the patent applications referred to him! He reasons that "the
- natural laws accepted by science must be followed" and says that
- many people (in his view irrationally) "wish to make use of the
- eternal forces of gravitation and magnetism".
-
- We can see from this how efficient our current patent system is
- in suppressing any real renewal in the field of physics. I have
- written about the subject of patents in an earlier article (3).
-
- Conservation of energy
-
- There is such a thing as conservation of energy. However our
- understanding of the concept is largely incomplete. By negating
- the idea of an ether, which I called "space background" (4), we
- have limited our conception of energy to that which is observable
- on the purely physical plane. All electric and magnetic as well
- as gravitational phenomena however, are not purely physical. They
- require for their understanding a conception of a higher
- dimensional space background, which is, to use the term of Moray,
- a "sea of energy".
-
- Conservation of energy in the current form of understanding is
- a useless concept, as it negates the existence of this giant
- reservoir of energy, and does not take into account the constant
- interchange (through the phenomena of electricity, magnetism and
- gravitation), of our world of physical existence with that
- reservoir. Generation of electrical energy through magnetism
- for example, is not limited to the mechanical motive power
- applied to a generator and the movement of electrons through a
- wire, but involves a complex exchange between space background
- and physical machinery.In this context, it may be profitable to
- remember a statement that Robert Meyer (5) made in connection
- with the concept of conservation of energy. He said: "Seeing
- gravity as the cause of the falling of things, we talk
- about gravitation and thereby overlook, that an essential
- characteristic of any 'force' (energy) is to unify within itself
- the attributes of indestructibility and mutability."
-
- This statement should set us thinking. Meyer in fact asserts that
- energy, in addition to being indestructible, is also able to
- change form. This implies that we can not necessarily think in
- terms of unidirectional mutability, a concept which
- thermodynamics has however maintained since the inception of its
- famous "laws".
-
- Now the specific form of energy which is the subject of
- thermodynamics is heat.
-
- What is heat?
-
- As a first step in our approach to the understanding of
- thermodynamics, we must try to understand what is this substance
- that forms the basis of the theory. Heat has at first been
- imagined to be a fluid and has been given the name "caloric".
- Soon caloric theory, which was at the basis of our famous "laws",
- gave way to the contemporary understanding, that heat is an
- excited state of matter, transferred through direct contact or
- through the mediation of electromagnetic waves of the infrared
- band. Absence of heat, or the temperature of absolute zero, is
- defined as a complete absence of molecular motion.
-
- We shall, for the time being, accept this concept and add some
- other thoughts:
-
- Heat is a property of matter. Without matter, no heat.
-
- The molecular motion that we call heat is a chaotic, a random
- motion.
-
- An increase of heat is an increase of randomity in matter. A
- decrease of heat denotes progressively greater order of molecular
- alignment.
-
- Two kinds of motion
-
- In this universe, we have two basic kinds of motion: centrifugal
- and centripetal.
-
- Centrifugal motion is outward directed. It is an expanding, a
- radiating, explosive motion. It has a tendency to increase the
- randomity in matter and thereby cause heat.
-
- This is the kind of motion we are accustomed to. It has been used
- in our technology since the discovery of the fire, and especially
- since the invention of the steam engine and the consequent
- industrial revolution. Our continued and exclusive use of this
- motion has given us useful but dangerous machinery, polluting
- internal combustion engines, radio and microwave technology that
- has definite negative effects on human, animal and plant life and
- last but not least the daughter of the atomic bomb, our atomic
- power plant, which is little more than a steam turbine using a
- very dangerous source of heat, radioactive uranium.
-
- We do not have to look far to see the results of this technology:
- A decrease in atmospheric oxygen from 30% to 21% since the start
- of the industrial revolution, a crisis of raw materials and
- energy of gigantic proportions just around the corner, and a
- situation where it is almost impossible today to find some clean
- air to breathe or some real fresh, healthy spring water to drink.
-
- Centripetal motion on the other hand is inward directed. It is
- a contracting, a gravitative, an implosive kind of motion. It has
- a tendency to align and derandomize the particles of matter and
- causes a decrease in temperature. Centripetal motion is
- associated with the animating force we call life, which physics
- in its desire to be "objective" or "scientific" has steadfastly
- refused to look at.
-
- Here we have the key to resolving the riddle of thermodynamics.
- We can see how nature, using both these types of motion in a
- balanced way, can ever regenerate itself. It simply goes, over
- and over again, through a whole cycle of
-
- chaos -> buildup -> decay -> chaos,
-
- using the centripetal or vortex motion in the buildup part of the
- cycle and the radiative, heat generating motion in the decay
- part.
-
- Entropy
-
- The idea of entropy, of the constant and irreversible winding
- down of the universe, was introduced with the second law of
- thermodynamics. This law is based on an observation of James
- Watt's steam machine, which was the only technological
- utilization of thermal energy available at the time.
-
- Entropy is associated with radiation. It signifies an ever
- increasing randomity of motion, an expenditure of the "innate
- energy of a system". According to the current views of
- thermodynamics, there is no antidote to entropy. Once expended,
- energy is said to be lost forever in that giant heat sink, which
- we imagine the vast reaches of the universe to be.
-
- One of the great minds of this century, an outsider to
- established science, has recognized the folly of this view and
- coined a term for the antidote. He calls it syntropy. In his book
- "Cosmography", R. Buckminster Fuller writes (6): "The reader will
- discover that the inexorable course of the gradual running down
- of the energy of the universe that is, entropy is only part of
- the picture. Entropy has a complementary phase, which we
- designated syntropy".
-
- We can now assert that syntropy is real, and that it is closely
- associated with the second kind of motion discussed above, with
- the centripetal, the vortex motion.
-
- While radiation is an entropic phenomenon, gravitation is an
- expression of syntropy.
-
- Gravitation
-
- We know much about radiation, but comparatively little is known
- about its "negative" twin, gravitation. I am using the term
- gravitation here in a much wider sense than is generally done in
- physics. Gravitation in this context means an electromagnetic
- phenomenon associated with a vortex in space background. It is
- a twin of radiation, only with the vector inversed. Gravitation
- is a pulling phenomenon, and the effect we are most familiar with
- is that gravitation keeps us firmly glued to this planet. But
- gravitation is more than that. It can manifest itself in just as
- wide a range of wavelengths as does radiation.
-
- Gravitation in this extended sense explains for instance the
- phenomenon found in most "free energy" devices, which often show
- a marked cooling effect on their immediate environment. This is
- simply radiation in reverse, caused by an independent source of
- gravitation, a point of attraction, which causes energy to
- "inflow" towards that point, rather than expanding outwards from
- it, as we usually observe.
-
- Antigravity thereby becomes accessible to engineering. If
- gravitation is nothing but an inverse radiation, a pulling
- phenomenon associated with a vortex, all we need to do in order
- to obtain levitation or antigravity is to establish an
- independent source of gravitation and orient it in opposition to
- the gravitation of this planet. Applications in space propulsion
- would be comparatively easy to engineer.
-
- How do we establish an independent source of gravitation? We
- establish, by whatever means available, magnetic, mechanic or
- otherwise, a strong vortex in the background field of space.
- There are numerous examples of such occurrences in the tales that
- surround the field of "free energy", that have not been
- understood so far and therefore were incredulously dismissed as
- the fantasies of a bunch of loonies.
-
- Maybe we should look at these phenomena again and try to
- understand them with the new conception we now have of gravity?
-
- The thermodynamic cycle
-
- The thermodynamic cycle as currently understood is a one way
- street. It leads from a source of heat (fuel) via combustion to
- motion, but the heat must be constantly renewed through more
- fuel, as it is "lost" to the environment in the process.
- In an article based on the research of Viktor Schauberger,
- regarding the functions of vortex motion, Schaffer (7) writes in
- 1972:
-
- "If the second law (of thermodynamics) does not hold true in the
- case of vortex motion, one could postulate the following cycle:
-
- Heat -> Vortex -> Motion -> Friction -> Heat
-
- Vortices therefore should be able to change heat energy into
- motive energy. This would necessitate an acceleration of flow and
- a cooling effect. Both of these can be observed in the case of
- vortices".
-
- I will not attempt to provide a mathematical description for this
- circular process, but in the terms used in this article, I want
- to restate what has been proposed by Schaffer, to put forth a new
- and radically different thermodynamic circular process:
-
- Centrifugal motion
- (expansive, explosive)
-
- Radiation
- ->
- Heat increase
- ->
- Centripetal motion
- (cont active, implosive)
- ->
- Gravitation
- ->
- Heat decrease
-
- This is the natural thermodynamic cycle of this universe.
- Using this cycle, that is, using both the centrifugal and the
- centripetal part and thus establishing a stable pulsation, it
- will be possible to engineer new clean forms of motionproducing
- and energyproducing machinery, that do not depend on fuel such
- as petrol, coal or gas for their motion. Does that sound like a
- perpetuum mobile?
-
- What is a perpetuum mobile?
-
- I think we have to reconsider our strict negation of the
- possibility of any perpetuum mobile, which ultimately is based
- on nothing other than the ideas of the honorable members of the
- French Academy of Sciences of 1775. In fact, any machine which
- is constructed according to the principles of nature, using the
- cycle as described here, will have the characteristics of what
- used to be called a perpetuum mobile.
-
- This does not mean, that the law of conservation of energy is
- violated.
-
- We have simply extended our conception of this law, to include,
- besides the immediately visible physical universe, also the "sea
- of energy" which is the higher dimensional space background.
-
- We have found a way, in other words, to tap into the very
- wheelwork of nature and utilize its energies more efficiently.
-
- At this point, I would like to thank all those inventors who have
- encountered these phenomena in their research and who, despite
- a completely inadequate scientific basis, have persisted to make
- their inventions reality. I would like to acknowledge that their
- inventions are real. Despite any refusal of patent examiners and
- despite the usual incredulity they have encountered everywhere.
-
- It should also be said that this article would not have been
- possible without the immense work Viktor Schauberger has done in
- observing and describing the mechanics inherent in the vortex
- motion of water, and without those that have collected and
- published what was left of Schauberger's writings to keep the
- flame of this knowledge alive for future generations.
-
- One last word about thermodynamics: It seems that things went
- wrong when we were trying to imagine a closed system. That is
- something achievable only in theory. Because every system
- existing within this universe is in constant and continuous
- exchange with the rest of the universe. And how this universe is
- made, what it consists of and how it functions, we have not even
- remotely begun to understand.
-
- Josef Hasslberger
- Rome, 8 May 1993
-
- References:
-
- 1. Kirchhoff, Joachim "Perpetuum Mobile und KlimaKatastrophe" in
- raum&zeit No. 45 and 46
-
- 2. Herbrand, Ludwig "Erinnerungen eines Entwicklungsingenieurs",
- page 10, own computer printing by Ludwig Herbrand, D5 144 Wegberg
-
- 3. Hasslberger, Josef "The inventor and society" in raum&zeit
- (american) No. 4, October 1989
-
- 4. Hasslberger, Josef "Vortex, the natural movement" in EXPLORE!
- No.5,Vol.3, 1992
-
- 5. Quoted from a letter of Neise, Theodor Ludwig, published
- in raum&zeit No. 63, 1993, page 98
-
- 6. Fuller, R. Buckminster "Cosmography",page 51. Macmillan
- Publishing Company, 1992
-
- 7. Schaffer, Bernhard "Die Wirbelfunktion als Energiequelle" in
- Implosion, No. 43.